Hassan Shahi; Khodamorad Momeni; Jahangir Karami; Emad Ashrafi
Abstract
This article has two main parts. The first section introduces the model of "Marital Paradigms" (Willoughby et al., 2015). In this conceptualization, all the beliefs of a person (woman or man) about marriage and marital life can be categorized in two distinct areas: "Beliefs about Getting Married" and ...
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This article has two main parts. The first section introduces the model of "Marital Paradigms" (Willoughby et al., 2015). In this conceptualization, all the beliefs of a person (woman or man) about marriage and marital life can be categorized in two distinct areas: "Beliefs about Getting Married" and "Beliefs about Being Married". "Beliefs about Getting Married" represent one's beliefs about "marriage" and its importance in life, as well as a general view of how it is done. These beliefs consist of three distinct dimensions: "Marital Timing" (one's view of the ideal and expected timing for marriage, the expected length of love), "Marital Salience" (individual beliefs about the relative importance and global importance of marriage and getting married), "Marital Context" (beliefs and attitudes about the context in which marriage should occur). "Beliefs about Being Married" represent one's beliefs about the nature and methods of managing marital life. These beliefs also have three distinct dimensions: "Marital Processes" (beliefs about how the marriage process should take place, including beliefs about gender roles (Marital Roles), beliefs about attempting to make marital life (Marital Efforts), and other marriage-related processes), "Marital Centrality" (it is based on beliefs about the importance of marital/spouse's role in relation to other roles played by an adult married person), and "Marital Permanence" (beliefs about the commitment to marry and the admissibility of divorce). In the second section, the study of "Marital Paradigms" among Iranian youths (male and female) and gender-related comparisons of six dimensions are discussed. The research sample consisted of 644 students (323 females and 321 males) who entered the study using stratified sampling (stratums: gender, universities, academic grades). To measure Marital Paradigms, "Marital Paradigms Scale" (MPS) (Willoughby and Hall, 2015) was used. The results of the study showed that men and women have different patterns of Marital Paradigms. Meanwhile
Afsaneh Shahbazirad; Ezatollah Ghadampour; Firoozeh Ghazanfari; Khodamorad Momeni
Abstract
This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of education based on the cognition, meta-cognition, and behavioral model in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The study was a semi-experimental design with pretest -posttest design with control group. The study population was all ...
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This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of education based on the cognition, meta-cognition, and behavioral model in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The study was a semi-experimental design with pretest -posttest design with control group. The study population was all patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), that, referenced to private and public centers in Kermanshah in 2016, that by available sampling method, 30 patients from persons through structured interview (SCID-I) and social anxiety questionnaire of Connor et al (2000), were eligible for the study, selected and assigned to the experimental and control groups, randomly. Twelve sessions of cognition, meta-cognition, and behavioral treatment according to the model developed and based on theoretical perspectives was administered to experimental group as biweekly; while the control group did not receive the intervention. At the end of the intervention, both groups were evaluated again by the test of Connor et al (2000). The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).The findings showed that education based on the cognitive, meta-cognitive, and behavioral model was effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder (P<0/001). Therefore, according to effectiveness of the model on reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD), it seems therapists and counselors can use the developed model to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) among patients
